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The escalating crisis in Ukraine is all the more terrifying due to the vast arsenal of nuclear weapons held by both Russia and members of NATO, particularly the United States. It also shows that the stockpiling of nuclear weapons is not a deterrent to war, but actually exacerbates tensions and causes wars.

Nuclear deterrence involves countries developing and holding superior nuclear weapons supposedly as a strategy to  from attacking. It was developed in the US in the 1950s by conservative policy makers, intellectuals and military leaders. Contemporary , view nuclear deterrence as fundamental to security.

However, stockpiling and developing new, more powerful nuclear weapons fuels political and psychological warfare, as does NATO’s practice of sharing weapons and technology between the NATO allies for so-called “”. Although NATO  it is not sharing nuclear weapons, this is exactly what it does in Europe.

Nine countries — Russia, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, China, India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea — collectively hold an estimated total of , according to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN). While this is fewer than the 60,000 held during the height of the Cold War, it is still a huge number.

Even after the Cold War ended, the stockpiling of nuclear weapons for political leverage and intimidation has continued, despite ongoing opposition from anti-nuclear activists and NGOs, and despite treaties such as the  the 1991 and 1993  and the which aim to reduce the number of nuclear warheads in existence.

Huge profits continue to be made by manufacturers of nuclear weapons and nuclear delivery systems, like .

Russia possesses the largest stockpile of , 1458 of which are deployed. The US holds 5500 weapons, . Of significance to the current situation, 150 of these US nuclear warheads are stationed in Europe in NATO countries as part of NATO’s policy of nuclear deterrence against Russia: Turkey holds 50 US weapons; Italy 40; Belgium 20; Germany 20; and The Netherlands 20.

On top of this, NATO member France holds 290 nuclear weapons and Britain, also a NATO member, has 225 weapons. As if this wasn’t enough, , including Australia, endorse nuclear weapons by enabling and allowing alliances like NATO and the Collective Security Treaty Organisation to use nuclear weapons on their behalf.

None of the 30 members of NATO have signed the .

Since 2014, Russia-NATO tensions have intensified. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky approved Ukraine’s new  in September 2020 with the aim of joining NATO. The prospect of Ukraine joining NATO and potentially hosting NATO/US nuclear weapons is seen by Russia’s leaders as a direct threat.

�ճ���� agreements is another factor underlying the current crisis. The dissolution of the  in 2019 is one of these factors.

The INF treaty required the US and the former Soviet Union to eradicate all of their nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of 500 to 5,500 kilometres. But, since 2015, accusations of non-compliance from each side have led to the breakdown of the treaty. In February 2019 the US Donald Trump administration announced its intention to withdraw from the treaty. Russia followed suit.

This has allowed both countries to increase their nuclear capabilities.

Hans M Kristensen and Matt Korda of the Federation of American Scientists say that “Russia is in the middle of a decades-long modernization of its strategic and nonstrategic nuclear forces to replace Soviet-era weapons with newer systems”.

Meanwhile, the US is also steadily modernising and expanding the capabilities of its nuclear arsenal, spending .

Within this context, Putin’s February 27 decision to put Russia’s nuclear defence on stand-by after invading Ukraine is very disturbing. Russia always has about  and the US also keeps .

Adding to the growing threat of a nuclear catastrophe is the recent , which approved changes to the Belarusian Constitution to end its status as a nuclear weapons-free country, allowing it to host nuclear weapons.

Russia must pull out of Ukraine and NATO must stop its expansion. In addition, all parties need to stop the nuclear arms race and sign on to the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons because, as its  states, nuclear weapons pose an existential threat to humanity.

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