Diet of Austerity: Class, Food & Climate Change
By Elaine Graham-Leigh
Zero Books, 2015
Like the author of this interesting book on food and climate change, I have been struck by the way that the question of diet, and in particular meat eating, has become central to debates on tackling climate change.
In her introduction, Elaine Graham-Leigh notes the many ways that advocates for non-meat diets are inserting this message into the climate movement. Slogans that argue that only vegetarian diets can save the planet, or that genuine environmentalists are vegan, are common place.
But the argument has also reached higher levels, with NGOs, governments and politicians frequently advocating this approach.
Graham-Leigh's book is a challenge to this approach. She rightly argues that the danger is that veganism fails to address the real causes of climate change, will not actually have the desired effects and, most importantly, shifts the focus of blame for climate change onto predominately working class people.
Unusually for a book on the environment, class is a central part of Graham-Leigh's book. She notes that 鈥渁s with discussions of austerity, it seems that those who have the least are the ones who have the greatest responsibility to be restrained in consuming it鈥.
Graham-Leigh illustrates this by quoting Jonathan Porritt in 2004. Porritt argued that meat-eating was a 鈥渕oral outrage and a threat to ourselves 鈥 and future generations鈥 but that his real problem was with 鈥渃heap meat鈥. She argues that 鈥渢he concentration here on price suggests that what is problematic here is not bourgeois meat consumption, but consumption by the poor, who would not be able to afford to do it if it were priced 'properly'鈥.
This leads to an important insight by Graham-Leigh: 鈥淲hat we are seeing here is the general panic about obesity becoming a vehicle for expressing ruling-class fears about the demands and appetites of the poor, fears which are particularly pointed at a time when working-class living standards are under attack.鈥
Much of the environmental movement sees consumption (of commodities, not just food) as the driving force of environmental destruction. Because of this focus, tackling climate change becomes a question of demanding that people purchase less, eat less, waste less.
There can seem to be some logic to this, but it misunderstands the nature of capitalism and how the system causes environmental damage.
At the heart of this book is an explanation of how capitalism's need to accumulate for the sake of accumulation drives environmental destruction. Contrary to popular belief, and the hopes of those who advocate consumerism as a solution to environmental problems, production under this system is not driven by consumer demand, but by the desire to maximise profits.
The book has some fine examples of how corporations have manufactured needs in order to sell new commodities. Notable among this is the example of the way that processed foods, frequently highlighted as particularly damaging to the environment and health, are preferred by capitalists because the processing itself adds layers of profits.
Thus Graham-Leigh shows how the 鈥渃hoices鈥 people make about what food to buy and eat are not made in a vacuum, but are the result of the nature of the system and government policy. It is also the result of the food system itself, dominated by the interests of supermarkets, which causes enormous amounts of waste at all stages of the food system.
Once again, rather than the problem being workers buying too much food and then throwing it away, it is a food system whose major components have a 鈥渂usiness model [which] is based on procedures which entail wastage鈥.
The book is an important Marxist contribution to contemporary debates about food and climate change. If I have one criticism, it is that Graham-Leigh deliberately ducks the question of the 鈥渇uture socialist society鈥 in her final chapter. She argues that it is 鈥渃ounterproductive 鈥 to prescribe what a different society after capitalism might look like鈥.
We cannot 鈥減rescribe鈥 it, but we can at least argue on the basis of historical experience what some elements of that society might be, and how they can be part of an alternative to capitalism.
Of particular importance in this regard is the idea of democratic planning, which I think holds the key to how future societies could deal with the question of feeding the world in a sustainable way. I think it's a shame that Elaine Graham-Leigh didn't explore this a little bit more, as it weakens what is an otherwise important book.
[Reprinted from . Martin Empson is the author of Land and Labour: Marxism, Ecology and Human History.]
Like the article? Subscribe to 麻豆传媒 now! You can also us on Facebook and on Twitter.