Rebellion runs through pop music, but no performer has ever fused music and radical politics like Gil Scott-Heron, who died on May 27.
In a series of early 1970s albums, Scott-Heron, collaborating with composer/arranger Brian Jackson, made militant funk and soul that remains unmatched. It exploded any idea that art and politics don鈥檛 mix, and has been hugely influential.
Scott-Heron has become known as the godfather of rap not just because his spoken word over drumbeats prefigured the genre, but because he used the style to tell of ghetto life and urge resistance.
He helped pave the way for some of the best moments of Public Enemy, Dr Dre, De La Soul, Kanye West, KRS-One and many more.
Scott-Heron was unique in modern popular music in that he was a genuine activist-artist. Most of his output was political.
He wrote a lot of protest songs. 鈥淧ieces of a Man鈥 explored the impact on a father of losing his son in Vietnam; the great anti-apartheid anthem 鈥淛ohannesburg鈥 helped make racism in South Africa an international issue.
But a good deal of his work goes further and tries to piece together a bigger picture of the world. The brilliant 鈥淲hitey on the Moon鈥 is a musical montage exposing the insane priorities of a crazed system.
鈥淲ho'll Pay Reparations on My Soul?鈥 investigates the damage inflicted by the racist system in the US, while the much later 鈥淲ork for Peace鈥漹isualises a world wracked by war: 鈥淭he military and the monetary/get together whenever they think it鈥檚 necessary/They turn our brothers and sisters into mercenaries/ they are turning the planet into a cemetery.鈥
His aim was to inform and to mobilise, but he was critical of some of the militant poets of the 1960s, who he believed preached at people: 鈥淵ou have to do it in a way that includes people rather than chastises them, berates them or belittles them.鈥
At his best, on 鈥淏-Movie鈥 or 鈥淭he Revolution Will Not Be Televised鈥, Scott-Heron produced a funked-up poetry that demands attention and blows away surface reality to reveal the absurd injustice half-concealed beneath it.
Scott-Heron鈥檚 politics and poetry was a product of the radical movements of the '60s.
He celebrated the movement鈥檚 achievements, but also knew its limitations: 鈥淚n 1960 I was a negro/And then Malcolm X came along/But some nigger shot Malcolm down/So the bitter truth lives on/Now I am a black man/Though I still go second class/Whereas once I wanted the white man鈥檚 love/Now he can kiss my ass.鈥
Through the '70s and early '80s, his writing and performing skills flourished, but you can sense growing frustration and a bitterness touching his anger.
鈥淲inter in America鈥, from 1974, was a plea for compassion and humanity released at the height of the Watergate scandal. Another track, 鈥淭he Bottle鈥, explored the intersection between inner-city poverty, alcoholism, and the culture of incarceration. It became a block party favorite as well as a chart success.聽
A number of Scott-Heron's signature tunes centre on the power of the mass media and mass politics to divert attention and distort reality. At the end of the 1960s a revolution seemed on the cards. But by the mid-70s the movement had gone into decline.
In 鈥淔rom South Africa to South Carolina鈥, Scott-Heron sung: 鈥淲hatever happened to the protest and rage?/Whatever happened to the voices of the sane?/Whatever happened to the people who gave a damn?/Or did they just apply to dyin鈥 in Vietnam??鈥
Scott-Heron stayed politically engaged. He was one of the first artists to take up the issue of apartheid in South Africa. He campaigned against nuclear power, appearing at the famous Musicians United for Safe Energy concert at Madison Square Gardens in 1979.
But being a political singer was becoming harder. In a typically off-the-wall comment, he compared the experience of being a political artist in late-70s America to being 鈥渁 gorilla driving a car. People came to see it, but they don鈥檛 believe you have a licence.鈥
In 1985, he was dropped by his label Arista and stopped recording for years. Drug and alcohol addiction added to his problems.聽
In 1994, he returned with the brilliant Spirits album. Though by far his most introspective record to date, it linked his own problems with wider social developments in a compelling way.
In 鈥淢essage to the Messengers鈥, Scott-Heron tried to inspire contemporary rappers to 鈥渒eep your nerve鈥 and stop becoming the tool of the authorities by glorifying drugs and violence.
In the last decade, Scott-Heron nearly succumbed to the very addictions he so often warned about and spent years in prison.
He returned in 2010 with the minimalist and moving personal record I'm New Here. It turned out to be a last reminder of his genius 鈥 and the pain and disorientation his honesty and idealism caused him in a hostile world.
It was a sign of his political disenchantment and perhaps the limits of his black nationalist politics that Scott-Heron had to be persuaded out of playing in Israel in 2010.
But though he may have lost some of his political hope, as he sung on 鈥淚鈥檓 New Here鈥, he struggled to the end to 鈥渄o more than to survive鈥.
His work will long be an inspiration to everyone who wants to make the revolution, not just watch it on TV.
[Abridged from www.counterfire.org ]
Video:聽Gil Scott Heron - The Revolution Will Not Be Televised -聽.
Video:聽Gil Scott-Heron - Whitey On the Moon聽-聽.